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We analyze the connectivity of an $M$-layer network over a common set ofnodes that are active only in a fraction of the layers. Each layer is assumedto be a subgraph (of an underlying connectivity graph $G$) induced by each nodebeing active in any given layer with probability $q$. The $M$-layer network isformed by aggregating the edges over all $M$ layers. We show that when $q$exceeds a threshold $q_c(M)$, a giant connected component appears in the$M$-layer network---thereby enabling far-away users to connect using `bridge'nodes that are active in multiple network layers---even though the individuallayers may only have small disconnected islands of connectivity. We show that$q_c(M) \lesssim \sqrt{-\ln(1-p_c)}\,/{\sqrt{M}}$, where $p_c$ is the bondpercolation threshold of $G$, and $q_c(1) \equiv q_c$ is its site percolationthreshold. We find $q_c(M)$ exactly for when $G$ is a large random network withan arbitrary node-degree distribution. We find $q_c(M)$ numerically for variousregular lattices, and find an exact lower bound for the kagome lattice.Finally, we find an intriguingly close connection between this multilayerpercolation model and the well-studied problem of site-bond percolation, in thesense that both models provide a smooth transition between the traditional siteand bond percolation models. Using this connection, we translate knownanalytical approximations of the site-bond critical region, which are functionsonly of $p_c$ and $q_c$ of the respective lattice, to excellent generalapproximations of the multilayer connectivity threshold $q_c(M)$.

Spanning connectivity in a multilayer network and its relationship to site-bond percolation