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Wikipedia is a free Internet encyclopedia with an enormous amount of content.This encyclopedia is written by volunteers with various backgrounds in acollective fashion; anyone can access and edit most of the articles. Thisopen-editing nature may give us prejudice that Wikipedia is an unstable andunreliable source; yet many studies suggest that Wikipedia is even moreaccurate and self-consistent than traditional encyclopedias. Scholars haveattempted to understand such extraordinary credibility, but usually used thenumber of edits as the unit of time, without consideration of real time. Inthis work, we probe the formation of such collective intelligence through asystematic analysis using the entire history of 34,534,110 English Wikipediaarticles, between 2001 and 2014. From this massive data set, we observe theuniversality of both timewise and lengthwise editing scales, which suggeststhat it is essential to consider the real-time dynamics. By considering realtime, we find the existence of distinct growth patterns that are unobserved byutilizing the number of edits as the unit of time. To account for theseresults, we present a mechanistic model that adopts the article editingdynamics based on both editor-editor and editor-article interactions. The modelsuccessfully generates the key properties of real Wikipedia articles such asdistinct types of articles for the editing patterns characterized by theinterrelationship between the numbers of edits and editors, and the articlesize. In addition, the model indicates that infrequently referred articles tendto grow faster than frequently referred ones, and articles attracting a highmotivation to edit counterintuitively reduce the number of participants. Wesuggest that this decay of participants eventually brings inequality among theeditors, which will become more severe with time.

Intellectual interchanges in the history of the massive online open-editing encyclopedia, Wikipedia