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Force-based models describe pedestrian dynamics in analogy to classicalmechanics by a system of second order ordinary differential equations. Byinvestigating the linear stability of two main classes of forces, parameterregions with unstable homogeneous states are identified. In this unstableregime it is then checked whether phase transitions or stop-and-go waves occur.Results based on numerical simulations show, however, that the investigatedmodels lead to unrealistic behavior in form of backwards moving pedestrians andoverlapping. This is one reason why stop-and-go waves have not been observed inthese models. The unrealistic behavior is not related to the numericaltreatment of the dynamic equations but rather indicates an intrinsic problem ofthis model class. Identifying the underlying generic problems gives indicationshow to define models that do not show such unrealistic behavior. As an examplewe introduce a new force-based model which produces realistic jam dynamicswithout the appearance of unrealistic negative speeds for empirical desiredwalking speeds.

Jamming transitions in force-based models for pedestrian dynamics