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E. coli bacteria swim following a run and tumble pattern. In the run stateall flagella join in a single helical bundle that propels the cell body alongapproximately straight paths. When one or more flagellar motors reversedirection the bundle unwinds and the cell randomizes its orientation. Thisbasic picture represents an idealization of a much more complex dynamicalproblem. Although it has been shown that bundle formation can occur at eitherpole of the cell, it is still unclear whether this two run states correspond toasymmetric propulsion features. Using holographic microscopy we record the 3Dmotions of individual bacteria swimming in optical traps. We find that mostcells possess two run states characterised by different propulsion forces,total torque and bundle conformations. We analyse the statistical properties ofbundle reversal and compare the hydrodynamic features of forward and backwardrunning states. Our method is naturally multi-particle and opens up the waytowards controlled hydrodynamic studies of interacting swimming cells.

Polar features in the flagellar propulsion of E. coli bacteria