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We study a model describing the force-extension curves of modular proteins,nucleic acids, and other biomolecules made out of several single units ormodules. At a mesoscopic level of description, the configuration of the systemis given by the elongations of each of the units. The system free energyincludes a double-well potential for each unit and an elastic nearest neighborinteraction between them. Minimizing the free energy yields the systemequilibrium properties whereas its dynamics is given by (overdamped) Langevinequations for the elongations, in which friction and noise amplitude arerelated by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Our results, both for theequilibrium and the dynamical situations, include analytical and numericaldescriptions of the system force-extension curves under force or lengthcontrol, and agree very well with actual experiments in biomolecules. Ourconclusions also apply to other physical systems comprising a number ofmetastable units, such as storage systems or semiconductor superlattices.

Theory of force-extension curve for modular proteins and DNA hairpins