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The prevalence of heterogeneous nucleation in nature was explainedqualitatively by the classical theory for heterogeneous nucleation establishedover more than 60 years ago, but the quantitative validity and the keyconclusions of the theory have remained unconfirmed. Employing the forward fluxsampling method and the coarse-grained water model mW, we explicitly computedthe heterogeneous ice nucleation rates in the supercooled water on a graphiticsurface at various temperatures. The independently calculated ice nucleationrates were found to fit well according to the classical theory forheterogeneous nucleation. The fitting procedure further yields the estimate ofthe potency factor which measures the ratio of the heterogeneous nucleationbarrier to the homogeneous nucleation barrier. Remarkably, the estimatedpotency factor agrees quantitatively with the volumetric ratio of the criticalnuclei between the heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation. Our numericalstudy thus provides a strong support to the quantitative power of the theory,and allows understanding ice nucleation behaviors under the most relevantfreezing conditions.

Ice Nucleation on Carbon Surface Supports the Classical Theory for Heterogeneous Nucleation