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We investigate the onset of the wall-induced convection in verticallyvibrated granular matter by means of experiments and two-dimensional computersimulations. In both simulations and experiments we find that the wall-inducedconvection occurs inside the bouncing bed region of the parameter space inwhich the granular bed behaves like a bouncing ball. A good agreement betweenexperiments and simulations is found for the peak vibration acceleration atwhich convection starts. By comparing the results of simulations initialisedwith and without defects, we find that the onset of convection occurs at lowervibration strengths in the presence of defects. Furthermore, we find that theconvection of granular particles initialised in a perfect hexagonal lattice isrelated to the nucleation of defects and the process is described by anArrhenius law.

Role of defects in the onset of wall-induced granular convection