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We study the dynamics of non-aligning, non-interacting self-propelledparticles confined to a box in two dimensions. In the strong confinement limit,when the persistence length of the active particles is much larger than thesize of the box, particles stay on the boundary and align with the localboundary normal. It is then possible to derive the steady-state density on theboundary for arbitrary box shapes. In non-convex boxes, the non-uniqueness ofthe boundary normal results in hysteretic dynamics and the density isnon-local, i.e. it depends on the global geometry of the box. These findingsestablish a general connection between the geometry of a confining box and thebehavior of an ideal active gas it confines, thus providing a powerful tool tounderstand and design such confinements.

Dynamics and density distribution of strongly confined noninteracting nonaligning self-propelled particles in a nonconvex boundary