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We test the recently introduced radiation model against the gravity model forthe system composed of England and Wales, both for commuting patterns and forpublic transportation flows. The analysis is performed both at macroscopicscales, i.e. at the national scale, and at microscopic scales, i.e. at the citylevel. It is shown that the thermodynamic limit assumption for the originalradiation model significantly underestimates the commuting flows for largecities. We then generalize the radiation model, introducing the correctnormalisation factor for finite systems. We show that even if the gravity modelhas a better overall performance the parameter-free radiation model givescompetitive results, especially for large scales.

Gravity vs radiation model: on the importance of scale and heterogeneity in commuting flows