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Live cells have ambiguous mechanical properties. They were often described aseither elastic solids or viscoelastic fluids and have recently been classifiedas soft glassy materials characterized by weak power-law rheology. Nonlinearrheological measurements have moreover revealed a pronounced inelastic responseindicative of a competition between stiffening and softening. It is anintriguing question whether these observations can be explained from thematerial properties of much simpler in-vitro reconstituted networks ofbiopolymers that serve as reduced model systems for the cytoskeleton. Here, weexplore the mechanism behind the inelastic response of cells and biopolymernetworks, theoretically. Our analysis is based on the model of the inelasticglassy wormlike chain that accounts for the nonlinear polymer dynamics andtransient crosslinking in biopolymer networks. It explains how inelastic andkinematic-hardening type behavior naturally emerges from the antagonisticmechanisms of viscoelastic stress-stiffening due to the polymers and inelasticfluidization due to bond breaking. It also suggests a simple set of schematicconstitutive equations which faithfully reproduce the rich inelasticphenomenology of biopolymer networks and cells.

A minimal model for the inelastic mechanics of biopolymer networks and cells