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In this paper, we discuss how effective environments incorporating periodicmeasurements can be used to prepare a two-level system (TLS) in almostarbitrary thermal states: Concretely, we study a TLS coupled to a spinenvironment, the magnetization of which is measured periodically. In ensembleaverage these measurements cause a relaxation of the TLS into a thermal(diagonal) state. By adjusting the time between the measurements and thedetuning of the environmental spins, the creation of very low temperatures aswell as inversion becomes possible. Our analytical results derived for largeenvironments are numerically shown to be valid even for quite smallenvironments, down to only a few spins.

Effective environments: Preparation of stationary states with inverse temperature ranging from positive to negative values