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The possibility of microscopic swimming by extraction of energy from anexternal flow is discussed, focusing on the migration of a simple trimer acrossa linear shear flow. The geometric properties of swimming, together with thepossible generalization to the case of a vesicle, are analyzed.The mechanism ofenergy extraction from the flow appears to be the generalization to a discreteswimmer of the tank-treading regime of a vesicle. The swimmer takes advantageof the external flow by both extracting energy for swimming and "sailing"through it. The migration velocity is found to scale linearly in the strokeamplitude, and not quadratically as in a quiescent fluid. This effect turns outto be connected with the non-applicability of the scallop theorem in thepresence of external flow fields.

Passive swimming in low Reynolds number flows