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Bilayer lipid membranes [BLMs] are an essential component of all biologicalsystems, forming a functional barrier for cells and organelles from thesurrounding environment. The lipid molecules that form membranes contain bothpermanent and induced dipoles, and an electric field can induce the formationof pores when the transverse field is sufficiently strong (electroporation).Here, a phenomenological free energy is constructed to model the response of aBLM to a transverse static electric field. The model contains a continuumdescription of the membrane dipoles and a coupling between the headgroupdipoles and the membrane tilt. The membrane is found to become unstable throughbuckling modes, which are weakly coupled to thickness fluctuations in themembrane. The thickness fluctuations, along with the increase in interfacialarea produced by membrane buckling, increase the probability of localizedmembrane breakdown, which may lead to pore formation. The instability is foundto depend strongly on the strength of the coupling between the dipolarheadgroups and the membrane tilt as well as the degree of dipolar ordering inthe membrane.

Undulation instability in a bilayer lipid membrane due to electric field interaction with lipid dipoles