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Publication statistics are ubiquitous in the ratings of scientificachievement, with citation counts and paper tallies factoring into anindividual's consideration for postdoctoral positions, junior faculty, tenure,and even visa status for international scientists. Citation statistics aredesigned to quantify individual career achievement, both at the level of asingle publication, and over an individual's entire career. While some academiccareers are defined by a few significant papers (possibly out of many), otheracademic careers are defined by the cumulative contribution made by theauthor's publications to the body of science. Several metrics have beenformulated to quantify an individual's publication career, yet none of thesemetrics account for the dependence of citation counts and journal size on time.In this paper, we normalize publication metrics across both time and disciplinein order to achieve a universal framework for analyzing and comparingscientific achievement. We study the publication careers of individual authorsover the 50-year period 1958-2008 within six high-impact journals: CELL, theNew England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Nature, the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Science (PNAS), Physical Review Letters (PRL), and Science. Incomparing the achievement of authors within each journal, we uncoverquantifiable statistical regularity in the probability density function (pdf)of scientific achievement across both time and discipline. The universaldistribution of career success within these arenas for publication raises thepossibility that a fundamental driving force underlying scientific achievementis the competitive nature of scientific advancement.

Methods for measuring the citations and productivity of scientists across time and discipline