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The study and characterization of the diversity of spatiotemporal patternsgenerated when a rectangular layer of fluid is locally heated beneath its freesurface is presented. We focus on the instability of a stationary cellularpattern of wave number $k_s$ which undergoes a globally subcritical transitionto traveling waves by parity-breaking symmetry. The experimental results showhow the emerging traveling mode ($2/3k_{s}$) switches on a resonant triad($k_s$, $k_s/2$, $2k_{s}/3$) within the cellular pattern yielding a ``mixed''pattern. The nature of this transition is described quantitatively in terms ofthe evolution of the fundamental modes by complex demodulation techniques. TheB\' enard-Marangoni convection accounts for the different dynamics depending onthe depth of the fluid layer and on the vertical temperature difference. Theexistence of a hysteresis cycle has been evaluated quantitatively. When thebifurcation to traveling waves is measured in the vicinity of the codimension-2bifurcation point, we measure a decrease of the subcritical interval in whichthe traveling mode becomes unstable. From the traveling wave state the systemunder goes a {\it new} global secondary bifurcation to an alternating patternwhich doubles the wavelength ($k_{s}/2$) of the primary cellular pattern, thisresult compares well with theoretical predictions [P. Coullet and G. Ioss, {\emPhys. Rev. Lett.} {\bf 64}, 8 66 (1990)]. In this cascade of bifurcationstowards a defect dynamics, bistability due to the subcritical behavior of oursystem is the reason for the coexistence of two different modulated patternsconnected by a front. These fronts are stationary for a finite interval of thecontrol parameters.

Subcritical instabilities in a convective fluid layer under a quasi-1D heating