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General microscopic mechanism of ferroelectric ordering in chiral smectic C*liquid crystals is considered. It is shown that if the mesogenic molecules havea sufficiently low symmetry, the spontaneous polarization is proportional toone of the biaxial vector order parameters of the smectic C phase. This orderparameter may be determined by intermolecular interactions which are notsensitive to molecular chirality. At the same time, the polarization is alsoproportional to a pseudoscalar parameter which vanishes if the molecules arenonchiral. The general statistical theory of ferroelectric ordering isillustrated by two particular models. The first model is based on electrostaticquadrupole-quadrupole interactions, and it enables one to obtain explicitanalytical expressions for the spontaneous polarization. In the second model,the molecular chirality and polarity are determined by a pair of off-centernonparallel dipoles. For this case, the spontaneous polarization is calculatednumerically as a function of temperature. The theory provides a more generalinterpretation of the previous approaches including the classical Bouldermodel.

Ferroelectric ordering in chiral smectic C^* liquid crystals determined by nonchiral intermolecular interactions