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From pressure and surface dilation measurements, we show that asolid-liquid-type transition occurs at low excitation frequencies in verticallyvibrated granular layers. This transition precedes subharmonic bifurcationsfrom flat surface to standing wave patterns, indicating that these waves are infact associated with the fluid like behavior of the layer. In the limit of highexcitation frequencies, we show that a new kind of subharmonic waves can bedistinguished. These waves do not involve any lateral transfer of grains withinthe layer and correspond to excitations for which the layer slightly bendsalternately in time and space. These bending waves have very low amplitude andwe observe them in a vibrated two-dimensional layer of photoelastic particles.Comment: LaTex document, 13 pages, 16 ps figures included. Submitted to  Physical Review

Experimental study of solid-liquid-type transitions in vibrated granular layers and the relation with surface waves