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An analysis of single-electron orbits in combined coaxial wiggler and axial guide magnetic fields is presented. Solutions of the equations of motion are developed in a form convenient for computing orbital velocity components and trajectories in the radially dependent wiggler. Simple analytical solutions are obtained in the radially-uniform-wiggler approximation and a formula for the derivative of the axial velocity with respect to the Lorentz factor gamma is derived. Results of numerical computations are presented and the characteristics of the equilibrium orbits are discussed. The third spatial harmonic of the coaxial wiggler field gives rise to group III orbits which are characterized by a strong negative mass regime.

Equilibrium orbit analysis in a free-electron laser with a coaxial wiggler