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Within quantum thermodynamics, many tasks are modelled by processes thatrequire work sources represented by out-of-equilibrium quantum systems, oftendubbed quantum batteries, in which work can be deposited or from which work canbe extracted. Here we consider quantum batteries modelled as finite-dimensionalquantum systems initially in thermal equilibrium that are charged via cyclicHamiltonian processes. We present optimal or near-optimal protocols for $N$identical two-level systems and individual $d$-level systems with equallyspaced energy gaps in terms of the charging precision and work fluctuationsduring the charging process. We analyze the trade-off between these figures ofmerit as well as the performance of local and global operations.

Trade-offs between precision and fluctuations in charging finite-dimensional quantum batteries