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We investigate the distributions of residence time for in-line chaoticmixers; in particular, we consider the Kenics, the F-mixer and the Multi-levellaminating mixer, and also a synthetic model that mimics their behavior andallows exact mathematical calculations. We show that whatever the number ofelements of mixer involved, the distribution possesses a $t^{-3}$ tail, so thatits shape is always far from Gaussian. This $t^{-3}$ tail also invalidates theuse of second-order moment and variance. As a measure for the width of thedistribution, we consider the mean absolute deviation and show that, unlike thestandard deviation, it converges in the limit of large sample size. Finally, weanalyze the performances of the different in-line mixers from theresidence-time point of view when varying the number of elements and the shapeof the cross-section.

Residence time distributions for in-line chaotic mixers