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Microscopic biological systems operate far from equilibrium, are subject tostrong fluctuations, and are composed of many coupled components withinteractions varying in nature and strength. Researchers are activelyinvestigating the general design principles governing how biomolecular machinesachieve effective free-energy transduction in light of these challenges. We usea model of two strongly coupled stochastic rotary motors to explore the effectof coupling strength between components of a molecular machine. We observeprominent thermodynamic characteristics at intermediate coupling strength, nearthat which maximizes output power: a maximum in power and informationtransduced from the upstream to the downstream system, and equal subsystementropy production rates. These observations are unified through a bound on themachine's input and output power, which accounts for both the energy andinformation transduced between subsystems.

Internal energy and information flows mediate input and output power in bipartite molecular machines