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Friction at the endwalls of partially-filled horizontal rotating tumblersinduces curvature and axial drift of particle trajectories in the surfaceflowing layer. Here we describe the results of a detailed discrete elementmethod study of the dry granular flow of monodisperse particles inthreedimensional cylindrical tumblers with endwalls and cylindrical wall thatcan be either smooth or rough. Endwall roughness induces more curved particletrajectories, while a smooth cylindrical wall enhances drift near the endwall.This drift induces recirculation cells near the endwall. The use of mixedroughness (cylindrical wall and endwalls having different roughness) shows theinfluence of each wall on the drift and curvature of particle trajectories aswell as the modification of the free surface topography. The effects act inopposite directions and have variable magnitude along the length of the tumblersuch that their sum determines both direction of net drift and therecirculation cells. Near the endwalls, the dominant effect is always theendwall effect, and the axial drift for surface particles is toward theendwalls. For long enough tumblers, a counter-rotating cell occurs adjacent toeach of the endwall cells having a surface drift toward the center because thecylindrical wall effect is dominant there. These cells are not dynamicallycoupled with the two endwall cells. The competition between the drifts inducedby the endwalls and the cylindrical wall determines the width and driftamplitude for both types of cells.

Mechanisms for recirculation cells in granular flows in rotating cylindrical rough tumblers