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Many species are unsustainable at small population densities (Allee Effect),i.e., below a threshold named Allee threshold, the population decreases insteadof growing. In a closed local population, environmental fluctuations alwayslead to extinction. Here, we show how, in spatially extended habitats,dispersal can lead to a sustainable population in a region, provided theamplitude of environmental fluctuations is below an extinction threshold. Wehave identified two types of sustainable populations: high-density andlow-density populations (through a mean-field approximation, valid in the limitof large dispersal length). Our results show that patches where population ishigh, low or extinct, coexist when the population is close to global extinction(even for homogeneous habitats). The extinction threshold is maximum forcharacteristic dispersal distances much larger than the spatial scale ofsynchrony of environmental fluctuations. The extinction threshold increasesproportionally to the square root of the dispersal rate and decreases with theAllee threshold. The low-density population solution can allow understandingdifficulties in recovery after harvesting. This theoretical framework providesa novel approach to address other factors, such as habitat fragmentation orharvesting, impacting population resilience to environmental fluctuations.

Dispersal-induced resilience to stochastic environmental fluctuations in populations with Allee effect