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Optimizing the properties of the mosaic morphology of bulk heterojunction(BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPV) is not only challenging technologically butalso intriguing from the mechanistic point of view. Among the recentbreakthroughs is the identification and utilization of a three-phase(donor/mixed/acceptor) BHJ, where the (intermediate) mixed-phase can inhibitmorphological changes, such as phase separation. Using a mean-field approach,we reveal and distinguish, between generic mechanisms that alter throughtransverse instabilities the evolution of stripes: the bending (zigzag mode)and the pinching (cross-roll mode) of the donor/acceptor domains. The resultsare summarized in a parameter plane spanned by the mixing energy andillumination, and show that donor-acceptor mixtures with higher mixing energyare more likely to develop pinching under charge-flux boundary conditions. Thelatter is notorious as it leads to the formation of disconnected domains andhence to loss of charge flux. We believe that these results provide aqualitative road-map for BHJ optimization, using mixed-phase composition andtherefore, an essential step toward long-lasting OPV. More broadly, the resultsare also of relevance to study the coexistence of multiple-phase domains inmaterial science, such as in ion-intercalated rechargeable batteries.

Bending and pinching of three-phase stripes: From secondary instabilities to morphological deformations in organic photovoltaics