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The collective effects of microswimmers in active suspensions result inactive turbulence, a spatiotemporally chaotic dynamics at mesoscale, which ischaracterized by the presence of vortices and jets at scales much larger thanthe characteristic size of the individual active constituents. To describe thisdynamics, Navier-Stokes-based one-fluid models driven by small-scale forceshave been proposed. Here, we provide a justification of such models for thecase of dense suspensions in two dimensions (2d). We subsequently carry out anin-depth numerical study of the properties of one-fluid models as a function ofthe active driving in view of possible transition scenarios from activeturbulence to large-scale pattern, referred to as condensate, formation inducedby the classical inverse energy cascade in Newtonian 2d turbulence. Using aone-fluid model it was recently shown (Linkmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (inpress)) that two-dimensional active suspensions support two non-equilibriumsteady states, one with a condensate and one without, which are separated by asubcritical transition. Here, we report further details on this transition suchas hysteresis and discuss a low-dimensional model that describes the mainfeatures of the transition through nonlocal-in-scale coupling between thesmall-scale driving and the condensate.

Condensate formation and multiscale dynamics in two-dimensional active suspensions