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The Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder (SUGAR) measured the energyspectrum of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays reconstructed from muon-detectorreadings, while the Pierre Auger Observatory, looking at the same Southern sky,uses the calorimetric fluorescence method for the same purpose. Comparison oftheir two spectra allows us to reconstruct the empirical dependence of thenumber of muons in the shower on the primary energy for energies between$10^{17}$ and $10^{18.5}$ eV. We compare this dependence with the predictionsof hadronic interaction models \mbox{QGSJET-II-04} and \mbox{EPOS-LHC}. Theempirically determined number of muons with energies above 0.75 GeV exceeds thesimulated one by the factors $\sim$1.67 and $\sim$1.28 for $10^{17}$ eV protonand iron primaries, respectively. The muon excess grows moderately with theprimary energy, increasing by an additional factor of $\sim 1.2$ for$10^{18.5}$ eV primaries.

physical review. d/physical review. d.

Muon content of extensive air showers: comparison of the energy spectra  obtained by the Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder and by the Pierre  Auger Observatory