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We model the expansion history of the Universe as a Gaussian Process and findconstraints on the dark energy density and its low-redshift evolution usingdistances inferred from the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Lyman-alpha(Ly$\alpha$) datasets of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, supernovadata from the Joint Light-curve Analysis (JLA) sample, Cosmic MicrowaveBackground (CMB) data from the Planck satellite, and local measurement of theHubble parameter from the Hubble Space Telescope ($\mathsf H0$). Our analysisshows that the CMB, LRG, Ly$\alpha$, and JLA data are consistent with eachother and with a $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, but the ${\mathsf H0}$ data isinconsistent at moderate significance. Including the presence of dark radiationdoes not alleviate the ${\mathsf H0}$ tension in our analysis. While some ofthese results have been noted previously, the strength here lies in that we donot assume a particular cosmological model. We calculate the growth of thegravitational potential in General Relativity corresponding to these generalexpansion histories and show that they are well-approximated by $\Omega_{\rmm}^{0.55}$ given the current precision. We assess the prospects for upcomingsurveys to measure deviations from $\Lambda$CDM using this model-independentapproach.

Model independent inference of the expansion history and implications for the growth of structure