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In this work, we show how states with conserved numbers of dynamical defects(strings, domain walls, etc.) can be understood as possessing generalisedglobal symmetries even when the microscopic origins of these symmetries areunknown. Using this philosophy, we build an effective theory of a$2+1$-dimensional fluid state with two perpendicular sets of immersed elasticline defects. When the number of defects is independently conserved in eachset, then the state possesses two one-form symmetries. Normally, suchviscoelastic states are described as fluids coupled to Goldstone bosonsassociated with spontaneous breaking of translational symmetry caused by theunderlying microscopic structure---the principle feature of which is atransverse sound mode. At the linear, non-dissipative level, we verify that ourtheory, based entirely on symmetry principles, is equivalent to a viscoelastictheory. We then build a simple holographic dual of such a state containingdynamical gravity and two two-form gauge fields, and use it to study itshydrodynamic and higher-energy spectral properties characterised bynon-hydrodynamic, gapped modes. Based on the holographic analysis of transversetwo-point functions, we study consistency between low-energy predictions of thebulk theory and the effective boundary theory. Various new features of theholographic dictionary are explained in theories with higher-form symmetries,such as the mixed-boundary-condition modification of the quasinormal modeprescription that depends on the running coupling of the boundary double-tracedeformations. Furthermore, we examine details of low- and high-energy parts ofthe spectrum that depend on temperature, line defect densities and therenormalisation group scale.

Generalised global symmetries in states with dynamical defects: the case of the transverse sound in field theory and holography