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Scalar condensates with large expectation values can form in the earlyuniverse, for example, in theories with supersymmetry. The condensate canundergo fragmentation into Q-balls before decaying. If the Q-balls dominate theenergy density for some period of time, statistical fluctuations in theirnumber density can lead to formation of primordial black holes (PBH). In thecase of supersymmetry the mass range is limited from above by $10^{23}$g. For ageneral charged scalar field, this robust mechanism can generate black holesover a much broader mass range, including the black holes with masses of 1-100solar masses, which is relevant for LIGO observations of gravitational waves.Topological defects can lead to formation of PBH in a similar fashion.

Primordial black holes from scalar field evolution in the early universe