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The role of gluons in the structure of the nucleon and light nuclei isinvestigated using lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations. The firstmoment of the unpolarised gluon distribution is studied in nuclei up to atomicnumber $A=3$ at quark masses corresponding to pion masses of $m_\pi\sim 450$and $806$ MeV. Nuclear modification of this quantity defines a gluonic analogueof the EMC effect and is constrained to be less than $\sim 10$% in thesenuclei. This is consistent with expectations from phenomenological quarkdistributions and the momentum sum rule. In the deuteron, the combination ofgluon distributions corresponding to the $b_1$ structure function is found tohave a small first moment compared with the corresponding momentum fraction.The first moment of the gluon transversity structure function is alsoinvestigated in the spin-1 deuteron, where a non-zero signal is observed at$m_\pi \sim 806$ MeV. This is the first indication of gluon contributions tonuclear structure that can not be associated with an individual nucleon.

First lattice QCD study of the gluonic structure of light nuclei