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There exist well motivated models of particle dark matter which predominantlyscatter inelastically off nuclei in direct detection experiments. Thisinelastic transition causes the DM to up-scatter in terrestrial experimentsinto an excited state up to 550 keV heavier than the DM itself. An inelastictransition of this size is highly suppressed by both kinematics and nuclearform factors. We extend previous studies of inelastic DM to determine thepresent bounds on the scattering cross section, and the prospects forimprovements in sensitivity. Three scenarios provide illustrative examples:nearly pure Higgsino DM; magnetic inelastic DM; and inelastic models with darkphoton exchange. We determine the elastic scattering rate as well as verifythat exothermic transitions are negligible. Presently, the strongest bounds onthe cross section are from xenon at LUX-PandaX (\delta < 160 keV), iodine atPICO (160 < \delta < 300 keV), and tungsten at CRESST (when \delta > 300 keV).Amusingly, once \delta > 200 keV, weak scale (and larger) DM - nucleonscattering cross sections are allowed. The relative competitiveness of theseexperiments is governed by the upper bound on the recoil energies employed byeach experiment, as well as strong sensitivity to the mass of the heaviestelement in the detector. Several implications, including sizable recoilenergy-dependent annual modulation, and improvements for future experiments arediscussed. We show that the xenon experiments can improve on the PICO results,if they were to analyze their existing data over a larger range of recoilenergies, i.e., 20-500 keV. We also speculate about several reported events atCRESST between 45-100 keV, that could be interpreted as inelastic DMscattering. Future data from PICO, CRESST and xenon experiments can test thiswith anaylses of high energy recoil data.

The Inelastic Frontier: Discovering Dark Matter at High Recoil Energy