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We apply worldline methods to the study of vacuum polarisation effects inplane wave backgrounds, in both scalar and spinor QED. We calculatehelicity-flip probabilities to one loop order and treated exactly in thebackground field, and provide a toolkit of methods for use in investigations ofhigher-order processes. We also discuss the connections between the worldline,S-matrix, and lightfront approaches to vacuum polarisation effects.

The worldline approach to helicity flip in plane waves