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Distinguishing a dark matter interaction from an astrophysicalneutrino-induced interaction will be major challenge for future direct darkmatter searches. In this paper, we consider this issue within non-relativisticEffective Field Theory (EFT), which provides a well-motivated theoreticalframework for determining nuclear responses to dark matter scattering events.We analyze the nuclear energy recoil spectra from the different darkmatter-nucleon EFT operators, and compare to the nuclear recoil energy spectrathat is predicted to be induced by astrophysical neutrino sources. We determinethat for 11 of the 14 possible operators, the dark matter-induced recoilspectra can be cleanly distinguished from the corresponding neutrino-inducedrecoil spectra with moderate size detector technologies that are now beingpursued, e.g., these operators would require 0.5 tonne years to bedistinguished from the neutrino background for low mass dark matter. Ourresults imply that in most models detectors with good energy resolution will beable to distinguish a dark matter signal from a neutrino signal, without theneed for much larger detectors that must rely on additional information fromtiming or direction.

No $\nu$ floors: Effective field theory treatment of the neutrino background in direct dark matter detection experiments