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Radiatively inefficient accretion flows (RIAFs) in low-luminosity activegalactic nuclei (LLAGNs) have been suggested as cosmic-ray and neutrino sourcesthat may largely contribute to the observed diffuse neutrino intensity. We showthat this scenario naturally predicts hadronic multi-TeV gamma-ray excessesaround Galactic centers. The protons accelerated in the RIAF in SagittariusA$^*$ (Sgr A$^*$) escape and interact with dense molecular gas surrounding SgrA$^*$, which is known as the central molecular zone (CMZ), and produce gammarays as well as neutrinos. Based on a theoretical model that is compatible withthe IceCube data, we calculate gamma-ray spectra of the CMZ and find that thegamma rays with $\gtrsim 1$ TeV may have already been detected with the HighEnergy Stereoscopic System, if Sgr A$^*$ was more active in the past than it istoday as indicated by various observations. Our model predicts that neutrinosshould come from the CMZ with a spectrum similar to the gamma-ray spectrum. Wealso show that such a gamma-ray excess is expected for some nearby galaxieshosting LLAGNs.

physical review. d. particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/physical review. d, particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology

Hadronic origin of multi-TeV gamma rays and neutrinos from  low-luminosity active galactic nuclei: implications of past activities of the  Galactic center