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We report a study of the distributions of the depth of maximum, Xmax, ofextensive air-shower profiles with energies above 10^17.8 eV as observed withthe fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The analysismethod for selecting a data sample with minimal sampling bias is described indetail as well as the experimental cross-checks and systematic uncertainties.Furthermore, we discuss the detector acceptance and the resolution of the Xmaxmeasurement and provide parameterizations thereof as a function of energy. Theenergy dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the Xmax-distributionsare compared to air-shower simulations for different nuclear primaries andinterpreted in terms of the mean and variance of the logarithmic massdistribution at the top of the atmosphere.

Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Measurements at Energies above 10^17.8 eV