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IceCube have observed neutrinos which are presumably of extra-galacticorigin. Since specific sources have not yet been identified, we discuss whatcould be learned from the conceptual point of view. We use a simple model forneutrino production from the interactions between nuclei and matter, and wefocus on the description of the spectral shape and flavor composition observedby IceCube. Our main parameters are spectral index, maximal energy, magneticfield, and composition of the accelerated nuclei. We show that a cutoff at PeVenergies can be achieved by soft enough spectra, a cutoff of the primaryenergy, or strong enough magnetic fields. These options, however, are difficultto reconcile with the hypothesis that these neutrinos originate from the samesources as the ultra-high energy cosmic rays. We demonstrate that heaviernuclei accelerated in the sources may be a possible way out if the maximalenergy scales appropriately with the mass number of the nuclei. In thisscenario, neutrino observations can actually be used to test the UHECRacceleration mechanism. We also emphasize the need for a volume upgrade of theIceCube detector for future precision physics, for which the flavor informationbecomes a statistical meaningful model discriminator as qualitatively newingredient.

Describing the Observed Cosmic Neutrinos by Interactions of Nuclei with Matter