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Applying Grand Unified Theories in the context of the early Universe, cosmicstrings are an unavoidable partner of the inflaton field. To render such modelscompatible with the CMB temperature anisotropies, the inflationary scale has tobe lower than the 2x10^{16} GeV value deduced from the tensor-to-scalar ratioannounced from the BICEP2 collaboration. Some questions are consequently raisedabout our understanding of the thermal history of the Universe.

How well do we understand the thermal history of the Universe? Implications of the recent BICEP2 data