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Borexino has been running since May 2007 at the LNGS with the primary goal ofdetecting solar neutrinos. The detector, a large, unsegmented liquidscintillator calorimeter characterized by unprecedented low levels of intrinsicradioactivity, is optimized for the study of the lower energy part of thespectrum. During the Phase-I (2007-2010) Borexino first detected and thenprecisely measured the flux of the 7Be solar neutrinos, ruled out anysignificant day-night asymmetry of their interaction rate, made the firstdirect observation of the pep neutrinos, and set the tightest upper limit onthe flux of CNO neutrinos. In this paper we discuss the signal signature andprovide a comprehensive description of the backgrounds, quantify their eventrates, describe the methods for their identification, selection or subtraction,and describe data analysis. Key features are an extensive in situ calibrationprogram using radioactive sources, the detailed modeling of the detectorresponse, the ability to define an innermost fiducial volume with extremely lowbackground via software cuts, and the excellent pulse-shape discriminationcapability of the scintillator that allows particle identification. We report ameasurement of the annual modulation of the 7 Be neutrino interaction rate. Theperiod, the amplitude, and the phase of the observed modulation are consistentwith the solar origin of these events, and the absence of their annualmodulation is rejected with higher than 99% C.L. The physics implications ofphase-I results in the context of the neutrino oscillation physics and solarmodels are presented.

Final results of Borexino Phase-I on low energy solar neutrino spectroscopy