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In this paper, the main properties of (3+1)-dimensional $U(1)$ gauged Q-ballsare examined. In particular, it is shown that the relation$\frac{dE}{dQ}=\omega$ holds for such gauged Q-balls in the general case. As aconsequence, it is shown that the well-known estimate for the maximal charge ofstable gauged Q-balls was derived by means of an inconsistent procedure and cannot be considered as correct. A simple method for obtaining the maincharacteristics of gauged Q-balls using only the nongauged background solutionfor the scalar field in the case, when the back-reaction of the gauge field onthe scalar field is small and the linearized theory can be used, is proposed.The criteria of applicability of the linearized theory, which do not reduce tothe demand of the smallness of the coupling constant, are established. Someinteresting properties of gauged Q-balls, as well as the advantages of theproposed method, are demonstrated by the example of two models, admitting, inthe linear approximation in the perturbations, exact analytic solutions forgauged Q-balls.

Theory of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls revisited