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We show that the interaction of an axion field, or in general a pseudoscalarfield, with the axial-vector current generated by an electron through aderivative-type coupling can give rise to a time-dependent mixing ofopposite-parity states in atomic and molecular systems. Likewise, the analogousinteraction of an axion field with the axial-vector current generated by anucleon can give rise to time-dependent mixing of opposite-parity states innuclear systems. This mixing can induce oscillating electric dipole moments,oscillating parity non-conservation effects and oscillating anapole moments insuch systems. By adjusting the energy separation between the opposite-paritystates of interest to match the axion mass energy, axion-induced experimentalobservables can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude. Oscillating atomicelectric dipole moments can also be generated by axions through hadronicmechanisms, namely the P,T-violating nucleon-nucleon interaction and throughthe axion-induced electric dipole moments of valence nucleons, which comprisethe nuclei. The axion field is modified by the Earth's gravitational field. Theinteraction of the spin of either an electron or nucleon with this modifiedaxion field leads to axion-induced observable effects. These effects, which areof the form $\mathbf{g} \cdot \mathbf{\sigma}$, differ from the axion-windeffect, which has the form $\mathbf{p}_{\textrm{a}} \cdot \mathbf{\sigma}$.

physical review. d. particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/physical review. d, particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology

Axion-induced effects in atoms, molecules and nuclei: Parity  nonconservation, anapole moments, electric dipole moments, and spin-gravity  and spin-axion momentum couplings