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We study the effect of the supersonic relative velocity between dark matterand baryons on large-scale galaxy clustering and derive the constraint on therelative velocity bias parameter from the Baryonic Oscillation SpectroscopicSurvey (BOSS) power spectrum measurements. Recent work has shown that therelative velocity effect may have a dramatic impact on the star formation athigh redshifts, if first stars are formed in minihalos around z~20, or if theeffect propagates through secondary effects to stars formed at later redshifts.The relative velocity effect has particularly strong signatures in the largescale clustering of these sources, including the BAO position. Assuming that asmall fraction of stars in low-redshift massive galaxies retain the memory ofthe primordial relative velocity effect, galaxy clustering measurements can beused to constrain the signatures of the first stars. Luminous red galaxiescontain some of the oldest stars in the Universe and are ideally suited tosearch for this effect. Using the BOSS power spectrum measurements from theSloan Data Release 9, in combination with Planck, we derive the upper limit onthe fraction of the stars sensitive to relative velocity effect f_star<3.3% atthe 95% confidence level in the CMASS galaxy sample. If additional galaxysample not sensitive to the effect is available in a given survey, a jointmulti-tracer analysis can be applied to construct a sample-variance cancellingcombination, providing a model-independent way to verify the presence of therelative velocity effect in the galaxy power spectrum on large scales. Such amulti-tracer analysis in future galaxy surveys can greatly improve the currentconstraint, achieving a 0.1% level in f_star.

physical review. d. particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/physical review. d, particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology

Signatures of First Stars in Galaxy Surveys: Multi-Tracer Analysis of  the Supersonic Relative Velocity Effect and the Constraints from the BOSS  Power Spectrum Measurements