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The apparent accelerating expansion of the Universe, determined fromobservations of distant supernovae, and often taken to imply the existence ofdark energy, may alternatively be explained by the effects of a giantunderdense void if we relax the assumption of homogeneity on large scales.Recent studies have made use of the spherically-symmetric,radially-inhomogeneous Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) models to derive strongconstraints on this scenario, particularly from observations of the kinematicSunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect which is sensitive to large scaleinhomogeneity. However, most of these previous studies explicitly set the LTB'bang time' function to be constant, neglecting an important freedom of thegeneral solutions. Here we examine these models in full generality by relaxingthis assumption. We find that although the extra freedom allowed by varying thebang time is sufficient to account for some observables individually, it is notenough to simultaneously explain the supernovae observations, the small-angleCMB, the local Hubble rate, and the kSZ effect. This set of observables isstrongly constraining, and effectively rules out simple LTB models as anexplanation of dark energy.

The kSZ effect as a test of general radial inhomogeneity in LTB cosmology