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We demonstrate precisely what particle physics information can be extractedfrom a single direct detection observation of dark matter while makingabsolutely no assumptions about the local velocity distribution and localdensity of dark matter. Our central conclusions follow from a very simpleobservation: the velocity distribution of dark matter is positive definite,f(v) >= 0. We demonstrate the utility of this result in several ways. First, weshow a falling deconvoluted recoil spectrum (deconvoluted of the nuclear formfactor), such as from ordinary elastic scattering, can be "mocked up" by anymass of dark matter above a kinematic minimum. As an example, we show that darkmatter much heavier than previously considered can explain the CoGeNT excess.Specifically, m_chi < m_Ge} can be in just as good agreement as light darkmatter, while m_\chi > m_Ge depends on understanding the sensitivity of Xenonto dark matter at very low recoil energies, E_R ~ 6 keVnr. Second, we show thatany rise in the deconvoluted recoil spectrum represents distinct particlephysics information that cannot be faked by an arbitrary f(v). As examples ofresulting non-trivial particle physics, we show that inelastic dark matter anddark matter with a form factor can both yield such a rise.

Interpreting Dark Matter Direct Detection Independently of the Local Velocity and Density Distribution