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In recent work, we derived the long-distance confining dynamics of certainQCD-like gauge theories formulated on small $S^1 \times \R^3$ based onsymmetries, an index theorem, and Abelian duality. Here, we give themicroscopic derivation. The solution reveals a new mechanism of confinement inQCD(adj) in the regime where we have control over both perturbative andnonperturbative aspects. In particular, consider SU(2) QCD(adj) theory with $1\leq n_f \leq 4$ Majorana fermions, a theory which undergoes gauge symmetrybreaking at small $S^1$. If the magnetic charge of the BPS monopole isnormalized to unity, we show that confinement occurs due to condensation ofobjects with magnetic charge 2, not 1. Because of index theorems, we know thatsuch an object cannot be a two identical monopole configuration. Its nettopological charge must vanish, and hence it must be topologicallyindistinguishable from the perturbative vacuum. We construct such non-self-dualtopological excitations, the magnetically charged, topologically null moleculesof a BPS monopole and ${\bar{\rm KK}}$ antimonopole, which we refer to asmagnetic bions. An immediate puzzle with this proposal is the apparent Coulombrepulsion between the BPS-${\bar{\rm KK}}$ pair. An attraction which overcomesthe Coulomb repulsion between the two is induced by $2n_f$-fermion exchange.Bion condensation is also the mechanism of confinement in $\N=1$ SYM on thesame four-manifold. The SU(N) generalization hints a possible hiddenintegrability behind nonsupersymmetric QCD of affine Toda type, and allows usto analytically compute the mass gap in the gauge sector. We currently do notknow the extension to $\R^4$.

Magnetic bion condensation: A new mechanism of confinement and mass gap in four dimensions