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We discuss the properties of 't Hooft vertices in partially quenched androoted versions of QCD in the continuum. These theories have a physicalsubspace, equivalent to ordinary QCD, that is contained within a larger spacethat includes many unphysical correlation functions. We find that the 't Hooftvertices in the physical subspace have the expected form, despite the presenceof unphysical 't Hooft vertices appearing in correlation functions that have anexcess of valence quarks (or ghost quarks). We resolve an apparent paradox thatarises when one uses rooted staggered fermions to study one-flavor QCD, byshowing how, in partially quenched theories, it is possible to have spontaneoussymmetry breaking of a non-anomalous symmetry in finite volume. Using theseresults, we demonstrate that arguments recently given by Creutz--claiming todisprove the validity of rooted staggered QCD--are incorrect. In particular,the unphysical 't Hooft vertices do not present an obstacle to the recovery oftaste symmetry in the continuum limit.

't Hooft vertices, partial quenching, and rooted staggered QCD