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We discuss the Gupta-Bleuler quantization of the free electromagnetic fieldoutside static black holes in the Boulware vacuum. We use a gauge which reducesto the Feynman gauge in Minkowski spacetime. We also discuss its relation withgauges used previously. Then we apply the low-energy sector of this fieldtheory to investigate some low-energy phenomena. First, we discuss the responserate of a static charge outside the Schwarzschild black hole in fourdimensions. Next, motivated by string physics, we compute the absorption crosssections of low-energy plane waves for the Schwarzschild and extremeReissner-Nordstr\"om black holes in arbitrary dimensions higher than three.Comment: 26 pages (revtex), no figures, misprints in some conditions correcte

Quantization of the electromagnetic field outside static black holes and its application to low-energy phenomena