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We perform the first simultaneous extraction of parton collinear andtransverse degrees of freedom from low-energy fixed-target Drell-Yan data inorder to compare the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distributionfunctions (PDFs) of the pion and proton. We demonstrate that the transverseseparation of the quark field encoded in TMDs of the pion is more than $4\sigma$ smaller than that of the proton. Additionally, we find the transverseseparation of the quark field decreases as its longitudinal momentum fractiondecreases. In studying the nuclear modification of TMDs, we find clear evidencefor a transverse EMC effect. We comment on possible explanations for theseintriguing behaviors, which call for a deeper examination of tomography in avariety of strongly interacting quark-gluon systems.

Tomography of pions and protons via transverse momentum dependent distributions