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Ultralight bosons are predicted in many extensions to the Standard Model andare popular dark matter candidates. The black hole superradiance mechanismallows for these particles to be probed using only their gravitationalinteraction. In this scenario, an ultralight boson cloud may form spontaneouslyaround a spinning black hole and extract a non-negligible fraction of the blackhole's mass. These oscillating clouds produce quasi-monochromatic,long-duration gravitational waves that may be detectable by ground-based orspace-based gravitational wave detectors. We discuss the capability of a newlong-duration signal tracking method, based on a hidden Markov model, to detectgravitational wave signals generated by ultralight vector boson clouds,including cases where the signal frequency evolution timescale is much shorterthan that of a typical continuous wave signal. We quantify the detectionhorizon distances for vector boson clouds with current- and next-generationground-based detectors. We demonstrate that vector clouds hosted by black holeswith mass $\gtrsim 60 M_{\odot}$ and spin $\gtrsim 0.6$ are within the reach ofcurrent-generation detectors up to a luminosity distance of $\sim 1$ Gpc. Thissearch method enables one to target vector boson clouds around remnant blackholes from compact binary mergers detected by gravitational-wave detectors. Wediscuss the impact of the sky localization of the merger events and demonstratethat a typical remnant black hole reasonably well-localized by the currentgeneration detector network is accessible in a follow-up search.

Methods and prospects for gravitational wave searches targeting ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes