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The Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder (SUGAR) measured the muoncomponent of extensive air showers with a unique array of muon detectors. TheSUGAR data allow us to reconstruct the empirical dependence of muon density onthe distance from the axis of the shower, the lateral distribution function(LDF). We compare the shape of this function with the predictions ofhadronic-interaction models, QGSJET-II-04 and EPOS-LHC, in the energy range10^17.6 - 10^18.6 eV. We find a difference between the observed data and thesimulation: the observed muon density falls faster with the increased coredistance than it is predicted in simulations. This observation may be importantfor interpretation of the energy-dependent discrepancies in the simulated andobserved numbers of muons in air showers, known as the "muon excess".

physical review. d/physical review. d.

Muon lateral distribution function of extensive air showers: results of  the Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder versus modern Monte-Carlo  simulations