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Dijet production in proton-nucleus ($p$A) collisions at the LHC providesinvaluable information on the underlying parton distributions in nuclei,especially the gluon distributions. Triple-differential dijet cross sectionsenable a well-controlled kinematic scan (over momentum fraction $x$ and probingscale $Q^2$) of the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs), i.e.,$f^\textrm{A}_i(x,Q^2)$. In this work, we study several types oftriple-differential cross sections for dijet production in proton-proton ($pp$)and proton-lead ($p$Pb) collisions at the LHC, to next-to-leading order withinthe framework of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD). Four sets of nPDFparametrizations, EPPS16, nCTEQ15, TUJU19, and nIMParton16 are employed in thecalculations for $p$Pb collisions. We show that the observable nuclearmodification factor $R_{p\textrm{Pb}}$ of such cross sections can serve as anice image of the nuclear modifications on parton distributions, quantified bythe ratio$r^{\textrm{A}}_i(x,Q^2)\!=\!f^\textrm{A,proton}_i(x,Q^2)/f^\textrm{proton}_i(x,Q^2)$.Considerable differences among the $R_{p\textrm{Pb}}$ predicted by the fournPDF sets can be observed and intuitively understood. Future measurements ofsuch observables are expected to not only constrain the nPDF parametrizations,but also help confirm various nuclear effects, e.g., shadowing, anti-shadowing,EMC, and Fermi motion in different regions of $x$ and their variations withprobing scale $Q^2$.

Imaging nuclear modifications on parton distributions with triple-differential dijet cross sections in proton-nucleus collisions